pakistani jewelry

pakistani jewelry

pakistani jewelry

pakistani jewelry

pakistani jewelry

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pakistani fashions 1

PAKISTAN AIR FORCE

PAKISTAN AIR FORCE

Formed on August 15, 1947, with only a handful of aircrafts and men, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) now compromises around 330 combat aircrafts and 45,000 uniformed personnel. Under the Chief and Vice Chief of Air Staff., PAF Air HQ has five Deputy Chiefs responsible for operations, engineering, personnel, administration and training respectively. Geographically, the PAF is divided into three regional commands – Northern (HQ at Peshawar), Central (HQ at Sargodha) and Southern (HQ at Masroor, Karachi). These serve as the equivalent of the RAF Fighter Command groups during the Battle of Britain. Within the Commands are four sector operations centres (SOCs) – North (Peshawar), West (Quetta), Centre (Sargodha) and South (Karachi) – with seven subordinate control and reporting centres. As in so many other ways, if you want to see how the British military once did business, you need to look no further than the Indian subcontinent.

The PAF has nine m

ain operating bases that are fully functional in bot

h peace and wartime.

These are supplemented by eleven forward bases

which become fully operational in time of war, nine f

orward attack bare bases while the 211-mile (340km

) long M-2 motorway

has dispersal strips in the Swedish Air Force fa

shion.

The PAF has some 2

2 combat squadrons,

six squadrons flying Aerospatiale Alouette

IIIs on search and rescue/liaison duties

and a composite air

transport wing. Pakistan Naval Aviation looks after maritime air operations with Lock

heed martin P-3C Orions, Breguet Atlantics, Fo

kker F-27s, Westland Sea King Mk45s, Westland Lyn

x HAS3 and Alouette

IIIs. Pakistan Army A

viation Corps flies a m

ixture of fixed and rotary wing aircraft in close supp

ort of ground operations. Its main firepower is pro

vided by Bell AH-1s Cobras.

PAF made a humble

beginning with two fighter and one transport Squadrons, a negligible infrastructure, non-existent comman

d structure, and almost nil maintenance facilities.

All it had was the cour

age and determination of a handful of its personn

el, who left no stone unturned, in shaping PAF into th

e Air Force of today.

The modernization programme taken up by PAF in 19

52 paid dividends in t

imes to come. In a phased programme, the ‘Hal

ifax’, ‘Tempest’, ‘Attacker’, ‘Tiger Moth’, ‘Viking

’, ‘Dakota’ and ‘Fury’ aircraft were progressively re

tired. With American, French and Chinese acquisitions, the PAF started flying F-86s, B-57s, F-104 Starfighters, F-

6s and Mirages. This modernization programme started with the induction of F-86 Sabre, which cha

nged the whole system of training, maintenanc

e and operations. Air

Power, was thus a major player in 1965 war, where th

e role played by both rival Air Forces, directly influe

nced outcome of the conflict. Particularly for the P

AF, 1965 war brought out its fighting spirit, and implanted a culture of devotion and sacrifice.

Six years later, PAF once again met the call of duty for defence of the motherland. During 1971, separation of East Pakistan was a serious blow to the country. However, PAF fought valiantly on both fronts, and sacrificed blood for honour of the country.

PAF TODAY

hings changed drastically in the new millennium. Not only was the Grifo 7 radar chosen for introduction in the F-7P (the radar being built bij the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex at Kamra), the PAF also received over 60 F(T)-7PG aircraft to replace the ageing F-6 Farmers. Additional Mirages were yet again acquired from Lebanon and Libya.

For their help in the anti-terrorism activities the US promissed military aid to Pakistan in 2002 and declared Pakistan a Major Non-NATO ally in 2004. This eventually led to the US granting permission to order and deliver F-16s to the country again. Furthermore six (former RAAF) C-130 are being delivered to bolster the transport capacity. The major earthquake in 2005 led to a delay in the order and the country is looking at a combined order for F-16s and the Chinese J10. The order for new built F-16C/D Block 50/52 was signed September 2006. It also included delivery of the F-16s that were affected by the embargo in the 90s!

Another new type is the FC-1/JF-17 Thunder. The aircraft was developed by a joint venture between CAC and Pakistani Aeronautical Complex (PAC). PAF hopes to acquire 150 aircraft of this type to replace a large number of the Mirages and older F-7s. The first two aircraft of 16 currenly on order for Pakistan arrived on 2 March 2007. They were officially presented on 12 March 2007 and made their first public appearance during the Pakistan Day Parade on 23 March 2007.

Four T-37Cs are forming the aerobatic team the Sherdils (Urdu for "lionhearted"). In the coming years the 20 T-37C aircraft will be replaced by the new K-8 Karakorum. The first K-8s have been operating at the Evaluation Flight at PAF Academy Risalpur since the mid-ninetees but additional aircraft (6 + 22) have recently been ordered. The Primary Flying Training Wing (PAF Academy) at Risalpur has received the first three Super Mushshaks by 10 May 2001. The main improvement on this modified version is a more powerful engine.

In 2006 the country placed an order for Swedish Saab 2000 aircraft equiped with the Erieye-system. This type will eventualy give the PAF the AWACS-capacity it was looking for.

The PAF saw the arrival of Mi-17 transport helicopters and appears to operate a number of Bell 412s as well (26 helicopters of this type were delivered to the various services in 2004/2005).

Overall Assessment

The PAF has never had things easy. For nearly 60 years it has had to safeguard national airspace and deter as much more powerful India, a task made all the more arduous by the recent embargo on acquiring the latest technology. The PAF coped by co-operating with China, and by exploiting the undoubted expertise and professionalism of its technicians to upgrade its facilities and weaponry indigenously.

Close assistance in the global war on terror has allowed the PAF to become adept to anti-insurgent operations around the Afghan border and it has learned to deliver air-weapons with decisive effect. More modern airframes are entering service but the PAF required surveillance UAVs and precision-guided munitions to attack militant hide-outs while avoiding collateral damage. Efforts to upgrade the Pakistan ground-based air-defenses need further foreign investment to bring the PAF into the network-centric age and enable it to respond to ume-sensitive targets.

Simultaneous acquisition of complex system requires significant financial and human resources. In addition, the assimilation and efficient utilization of high technology will pose a huge challenge. That said, the PAF has a lot going for it. Foreign military observers attending High mark 2005 were impressed with the professionalism of both PAF air crews and ground personnel. Ability is rewarded and at least two females are going through flying training. However, the PAF hierarchy knows that a huge efforts will be required to upgrade training systems and syllable to prepare their personnel for the future.

The Indian Air Force has its weakness. It lacks the infrastructure to support all its air efforts, especially in the southern sector. There are gaps in its low level radar coverage, its spread of Russian and Western aircraft makes for a logistic nightmare and the unreliability of many of its MiGs has led to an appalling rate of flying accidents. That said, the arrival of BAE Systems Hawk trainers will revolutionize the IAF flying training system and Washington has balance its military sales to Pakistan by allowing Lockheed Martin and Boeing to offer the F-16 Fighting Falcon and F/A-18 Hornet as candidates for the IAF’s multi-role programme. The Bush administration has also stated that it will support Indian requests for other ‘transformative system in areas such as command and control, early warning and missile defense’. This means that even when new F-16s arrive in PAF service there may still be the same relative capability gap with India.
Pakistan Air Force

In summary, the PAF may not have enough state-of-the-art equipment but for its budget and the size of its organization, it is an operationally ready and professional air force. It is on the verge of a major acquisition programme, but funding will be an abiding concern, compounded by high oil prices and the costs of the Kashmir earthquake. However, whatever the obstacles, the PAF will retain is deterrent value by virtue of the professionalism and motivation of its personnel. Whatever the challenge, the PAF will remain Pakistan’s scimitar and shield.

UNIVERSITIES OF PAKISTAN

BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY

The University of Balochistan offers graduate, postgraduate, doctoral and advanced programs of studies in various disciplines i-e Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Business & Public Administration, Computer etc. The students of this University share some key characteristics: high talent, leadership quality and commitment for accomplishment of tasks.The University is equipped with the state of the art scientific equipped and well qualified faculty with in the country and abroad. The courses in different discipline of Science and Arts are designed to emphasize on research. Students are encouraged to think creatively and communicate their ideas effectivelyThe Science & Technology plays a vital role in the development of a country. Any nation cant progress with out the help of trained professionals in Science & Technology. At the University of Balochistan students are trained in the area of Natural, Physical, Chemical & Biological Sciences.The employers can recruit employees as per demand of their operation; the University of Balochistan produce human resource frequent in Pushto, Balochi, Baruhi and Persian languages for better communication with the local population. Human and Social Sciences departments of this University may help employers for launching their development strategies.

SARHAD UNIVERSITY

Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology (SUIT), Peshawar, is a ren

owned name in the educational circles of Pakistan and abroad. It was established in 2001 through an Ordinance of the Government of NWFP and is duly recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC). Later, o

n 10th August 2008 the University was upgraded to the highest category (W) by HEC. Since its inception, the University has made commendable achievements in disseminating quality education and, in a short span of time; it has become a leading institution of higher education in Pakistan. The University offers a wide range of programs from bachelor to doctoral level. These programs are executed through highly qualified and professionally groomed faculty

holding PhD degrees from renowned institutions of Pakistan and abroad. The University is dedicated to imparting high quality education with emphasis on demand-oriented skill-development and training under excellent conditions of learning. Its educational programs are designed to enable the students and servicemen to develop skills and competence in their respective areas of specialization obtain broad-based, cross-functional education with due emphasis on developing critical, analytical and logical thinking, and knowledge of societal matters. The education is cost-based, but affordable. The University is devoted to students' welfare and intends to provide all support and guidance in their pursuit of successful careers and jobs

panjab university

Located in the historical and culturally alive city of Lahore, this University has played a leading role in higher education in the country. The University strives to provide a conducive environment for the pursuit

of the academic activities. On account of its quality degrees, pleasant environment and low tuition fees the University remains the institution of first choice for admission seeking students.

Allama Iqbal Campus, named after the great South Asian thinker and mystic poet, with Islamic architectural design is in the middle of the bustling city of Lahore.

Quaid-i-Azam Campus, after the name

of the father of the Nation, is located 12 kilometers to the South of Allama Iqbal Campus. Spread over an area of 1800 acres of lush green landscape, this campus is the centre of academic and administrative activities of the University. A canal dividing the academic blocks from the student lodgings and adds to the beauty of the campus.

The University has also a summer campus at Khanaspur, located at a height of about 7,000 ft. in the Himalayan range near Ayubia. This Campus, in addition to providing research facilities, is also used as a recreational centre for the faculty and the students.

The University has also started Campus at Gujranwala, with four disciplines i.e. Business Administration, Commerce, Law and Information Technology. Few more disciplines will be added in near future.

The University comprises of 4 Campuses, 13 Faculties, 9 constituent colleges, over 63 Departments, Centres, Institutes, and 500+ affiliated colleges. It has over 620 permanent faculty members involved in teaching/research and over 30,000 on campus students. Annually there are about 350 exams for 450,000 studen

ts.

KARACHI UNIVERSITY

established

through the parliament

as a Federa

l University in 1951.

However, through

another act of the parliament in 1962 its

status was redefined as

university

of the province of Sindh. On 23rd October, 1950 the

Karachi University Ac

t

was passed and after an amendment in 1951 it w

as enacted and Prof A.B.A

Haleem was appointed

as its first Vice Chancellor. For the first

two years,

the University of Karachi remained as an examination University for the

affiliated colleges. In the year 1953 it started its teaching and research

activities at two Faculties of Arts and Science. Opened with an initial

intake of 50 students, the university is now a sprawling structure of 53

Departments and 20 world class and highly reputable Research Centers

and Institutes, under eight faculties of Arts, science Islamic Studies

Pharmacy Commerce & Business Administration, Law, Education and

Medicine. At present the enrolment of a regular student at the Campus

is slightly over 24,000. There are about 700 teachers and more than

2500 supporting staff.

The University in the beginning was housed in small buildings was housed

in small buildings adjacent to the Civil Hospital. Meanwhile, due to rapid

expansion, it began to be felt that the space in which the university was

functioning was not enough for its needs.

Moreover the atmosphere of the congested and polluted area was not

conducive to higher education and research. Thus a plot a of a1279

acres of land was acquired on the Country Club Road (now University

Road). On 18th January 1960 the university was shifted to the new

campus. Thus began a new phase in the life of the university. The

day is still commemorated by various old students’ Association and

the University administration jointly.

Karachi University always proudly mentions the names of renowned

educationists and scholars associated with this institution of higher

learning like, Dr. I. H. Qureshi, Dr. Mahmud Hussain, Dr. Salemuzzaman

Siddiqui, Dr. Afzal Hussain Qadri, Dr. M. M. Ahmed , Dr Mujtaba Karim,

Prof. M. Ilyas, Prof. Q. Fareed, Dr. Ibadur Rehman Khan, Prof Muntakhib

ul Haq, Prof. Memony, Dr. S. M. Yousuf, Dr. M.A Wali, Dr. Karawala.

The faculty was drawn not only from Pakistan but also included eminent

educationists form Europe and America.

Business Etiquette & Protocol in PakistanBusiness Etiquette & Protocol in Pakistan

. Third-party introductions are a necessity in this relationship-driven culture.
. Pakistanis prefer to work with people they know and trust and will spend a great deal of time on the getting-to-know-you part of relationship building.
. You must not appear frustrated by what may appear to be purely social conversation. Pakistanis are hospitable and enjoy hosting foreign guests.
. Relationships take time to grow and must be nurtured. This may require several visits.
. Pakistanis often ask personal questions as a way to get to know you as a person.
. If possible, it is best to answer these questions.
. Pakistanis do not require as much personal space as most western cultures. As such, they will stand close to you while conversing and you may feel as if your personal space has been violated. Do not back away.
. Pakistanis are generally indirect communicators.
. Always demonstrate deference to the most senior person in the group.
. In general, Pakistanis speak in a roundabout or circuitous fashion. Direct statements are made only to those with whom they have a long-standing personal relationship.
. They also use a great deal of hyperbole and similes, and go out of their way to find something to praise.
. Be prepared to flatter and be flattered.
. Pakistanis prefer to converse in a non-controversial manner, so they will say they "will try" rather than admit that they cannot or will not be able to do something.
. Therefore, it is important to ask questions in several ways so you can be certain what was meant by a vague response. Silence is often used as a communication tool.
. Pakistanis prefer to do business in person. They see the telephone as too impersonal a medium for business communication.

LANGUAGEs IN PAKISTAN

LANGUAGEs IN PAKISTAN

URDU is the only official language of Pakistan. Although English is generally used instead of Urdu in this regard. English is the lingua franca of the Pakistani elite and most of the government ministries.

Urdu is closely related to Hindi but is written in an extended Arabic alphabet rather than in Devanagari. Urdu also has more loans from Arabic and Persian than Hindi has.

Many other languages are spoken in Pakistan, including PANJABI , Siraiki, Sindhi, Pashtu, Balochi, Hindko, Brahui, Burushaski, Balti, Khawar, Gujrati and other languages with smaller numbers of speakers.

PAKISTANI BRIDALS

PAKISTANI BRIDALS


The bridal dresses are incomplete without heavily ornate jewellery, studded with precious and semi-precious stones. The unique beauty of the jewellery of Pakistan reflects the cultural traditions and diversity of the people. Centuries of tradition are artistically and lovingly moulded in each hand-crafted piece of gold, silver and other metallic and non-metallic materials.

The 22-karat gold jewellery is mixed with silver, copper or other metals. Intricately woven designs are either traditional or modern. Gold jewellery, plain or studded with diamonds, other gems or pearls, is usually patronized by urban women, while silver jewellery is popular in the villages. The styles in vogue are Kundan, Nau-ratna (set with nine gems), Jarao and Minakari. The gem setting centres are Karachi and Lahore but Hyderabad too specializes in making fine gold jewellery, particularly ornate filigree work. Sind and Bahawalpur have preserved the old technique of Minakari. Swat, Kaghan and Chitral are known for their folk jewellery manufacturers Pakistan. (Bridal dresses below courtesy "Dawn")

Attire and Fashion

Dresses of each country generally correspond to the local climate, aspirations, traditions, culture and religion. Then there is a blend of traditional dresses and modern wear to keep step with changing times.

The general casual attire of Pakistan and Hindustan is somewhat different from all dresses worn around the world, specially in the region. Due to extreme climatic conditions, the wearing of loosely fitted shirts ("Kameez") and trousers ("Shalwar") is very common both for women and men. Besides, "Dhoti", a large piece of unstitched cloth worn around the waist till the ankles is also worn in villages generally by men and occasionally by women in Punjab and Sind. While Shalwar is the most common dress besides Kameez in the frontier region and Balochistan. Owing to the peculiar requirements of the religion of Islam,

wherein women are not supposed to expose their body, an unstitched piece of cloth is worn over the shirt, covering the head and upper body, known as "Chaddar". Men also wear Chaddar during winters to protect themselves from severity of the weather. However, women in rural areas also wear a over head dress, called "Burqa" to cover their entire body. Wearing of headdress is a sign of nobility in the Punjab and Sind, while it is a rather must in the frontier region and Balochistan.